ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS INFLUENCE BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF NONCONSUMPTIVE PREDATOR EFFECTS ON OYSTERS

Abstract When prey alter behavioral or morphological traits to reduce predation risk, they often incur fitness costs through reduced growth and reproduction as well as increased mortality that are known as nonconsumptive effects (NCEs).Environmental context and trophic structure can individually alter the strength of NCEs, yet the interactive influ

Abstract When prey alter behavioral or morphological traits to reduce predation risk, they often incur fitness costs through reduced growth and reproduction as well as increased mortality that are known as nonconsumptive effects (NCEs).Environmental context and trophic structure can individually alter the strength of NCEs, yet the interactive influ